Perga

Perga Leach, 1817: 115. Type species: Perga dorsalis Leach. Subsequently designated by Shipp, 1894.

Camptoperga Shipp, 1894: 339, 340. Type species: Perga cressoni Westwood (= Perga brullei Westwood), by original designation. Synonymy by Smith, 1978: 138.

Pergadopsis Shipp, 1894: 339, 340. Type species: Perga dahlbomii Westwood, by original designation. Synonymy by Smith, 1978: 138.

Plagioperga Shipp, 1894: 339, 340. Type species: Perga mayrii Westwood, by original designation. Synonymy by Smith, 1978: 138.

Citations

Billberg 1820 [catalogue/checklist: 99]; Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau 1823 [diagnosis: xv, 40]; Latreille 1829 [diagnosis, distribution (range): 272]; Blanchard 1840 [diagnosis, distribution (range): 228]; Brullé 1846 [diagnosis, distribution (range): 671]; Cameron 1878a [distribution (range), systematics – classification: 5, 9]; Shipp 1894 [key, systematics – classification: 338, 339, 340]; Ashmead 1898 [key: 232]; Froggatt 1901 [behaviour, behavioural defence, illustration of immature stages, life history, oviposition, taxonomy: 5-6, plate]; Konow 1905a [description, distribution (range), host plant, key, systematics – classification: 3, 11-12]; Froggatt 1907 [behaviour, biology, description: 71-72]; Rohwer 1911a [type information: 76, 86, 87]; Rohwer 1911c [systematics – classification: 226]; Froggatt 1918 [host plant, mortality, seasonal distribution: 668]; Morice 1919 [key, key to species, revision/review, systematics – classification: 255, 261-286]; Tillyard 1926 [description, host plant: 265]; Brimblecombe 1933 [distribution record: 80]; Benson 1938c [illustration of adult, systematics – classification: 374, 379]; Benson 1939 [description of adult, illustration of adult, key, key to species, new taxon: 325, 327, 328, 329, 333-3]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 137-141]; Hawkeswood & Peterson 1981 [behaviour, description of immature stages, natural enemies: 29-30]; Pagliano & Scaramozzino 1990 [catalogue/checklist: 54, 154, 159]; Abe & Smith 1991 [synonymy, systematics – classification: 16, 64, 67]; Macdonald & Ohmart 1993 [oviposition: 487, 487-488, 497]; Dowton & Austin 1994 [molecular systematics: 9912-9915]; Pschorn-Walcher 1998 [behaviour, oviposition, sociality: 460].

Perga affinis Kirby

Perga affinis Kirby, 1882: 19-20. Type locality: Australia: Victoria, Tasmania. Syntype, male, female. Type depository: BMNH. Described: male, female. Illust.

Perga intricans Morice, 1919: 267 (in part). Benson (1939: 335) treated P. intricans (in part) as a synonym of both P. affinis and P. dorsalis (see also under P. dorsalis).

Perga affinis atrata Riek, 1961: 238, 240. Type locality: Australia: Sleaford Bay, South Australia. Holotype female. Type depository: ANIC. Described: female.

Perga affinis insularis Riek, 1961: 238, 240. Type locality: Australia: Flinders Island, Tasmania. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: MVME. Described: male, female.

Citations

Froggatt 1890c [catalogue/checklist: 691]; Froggatt 1891 [distribution record: 307]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 349]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range), synonymy: 11]; Morice 1919 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, key, new taxon, taxonomy, type information: 266-267, 282, pl. xiv, figs 2, 7]; Forsius 1929a [distribution record: 84]; Benson 1939 [description of adult, distribution (range), host plant, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of sawsheath, key, synonymy, taxonomy, type information: 334-335, 336, pl. xiv, fig. 2]; Jolivet 1955 [structure (eye): 18]; Riek 1961 [distribution (range), key, new taxon, type information: 237-240]; Carne 1962 [behaviour, behavioural defence, communication, development, external anatomy, fecundity, flight, host plant, illustration of adult, illustration of immature stages, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of sawsheath, internal anatomy, oviposition, seasonal distribution, sex ratio, sociality: 1-34, pls 1-4]; Tait 1962 [behavioural defence, external anatomy, fecundity, illustration of female, illustration of immature stages, illustration of lance/lancet, genitalia structure (female), genitalia structure (male), illustration of male genitalia, illustration of sawsheath, internal anatomy, musculature, oviposition, structure: 652-678]; Carne 1965 [distribution (range), habitat, host plant, impact/damage: 593-612]; Carne 1966 [behaviour, life history: 75-77]; Carne 1969 [distribution (range), host plant, mortality, natural enemies, parasitism rates, population dynamics, sex ratio: 113-141]; Martyn et al. 1970 [distribution record, host plant, impact/damage: 17]; Martyn et al. 1971 [[distribution record, host plant, impact/damage: 21]; Meyer-Rochow 1974 [histology, physiology, vision: 1565-1589]; Morrow et al. 1976 [behavioural defence, distribution record, ecology, feeding, host plant, illustration of female, illustration of immature stages, internal anatomy, natural enemies: 193-205]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist, host plant, taxonomy: 138]; Carne et al. 1980 [impact/damage, mortality, seasonal distribution: 121-126]; Smith 1980b [distribution record: 329]; Ohmart et al. 1988 [ecology, laboratory studies, physiology, physiological effects by micro-organism: 140-141]; Edwards & Wanjura 1989 [behaviour, behavioural defence, ecology, feeding: 246-247]; Weinstein 1989 [behaviour: 55]; Drayson 1990 [behaviour, illustration of immature stages: 29-30]; Naumann 1991 [illustration of adult: 933]; Schedl 1991 [behaviour, defence, illustration of female, illustration of immature stages, physiology, structure: 15, 37, 52, 59, 61, 79, 80, 82, 89, 91, 95]; Weinstein 1991 [behaviour, defence, illustration of immature stages, natural enemies, oviposition: 853, 857]; Neumann & Collet 1997 [control by chemical pesticides, host plant, impact/damage, life history, population ecology: 75-83]; Elliott & Bashford 1995 [development, description of immature stages, economic importance, feeding, host plant, illustration of adult, illustration of immature stages, life history, mortality, oviposition, parasitism: 27-35]; Hand et al. 1995 [control by chemical pesticides, impact/damage: 19, 23]; Farrow 1996b [control, control by chemical pesticides, description of immature stages, distribution (range), economic importance, host plant, illustration of immature stages, impact/damage, life history, natural enemies, parasitism: 1-4]; Elliot et al. 1998 [behaviour, description of adult, description of immature stages, distribution (range), host plant, impact/damage, life history, natural enemies, population dynamics, seasonal distribution: 83-85]; Pschorn-Walcher 1998 [behaviour, communication, sociality: 461, 462, 463, 465-466]; Schmidt 2006 [catalogue/checklist, host plant, synonymy: 629]; Schmidt et al. 2006 [host plant: 183]; Fletcher 2007 [behaviour, communication, sociality]; Fletcher 2008 [behaviour, communication, sociality].

Distribution

Australasian: Australia (Capital Territory [Carne 1962, Morrow et al. 1976, Smith 1978, Schmidt 2006], New South Wales [Riek 1961, Carne 1962, Smith 1978, Smith 1980b, Schmidt 2006], Queensland [Riek 1961, Smith 1978, Schmidt 2006], South Australia [Benson 1939, Riek 1961, Smith 1978, Schmidt 2006], Tasmania [Konow 1905a, Riek 1961, Martyn et al. 1970, Smith 1978, Elliott & Bashford 1995, Schmidt 2006], Victoria [Kirby 1882, Benson 1939, Riek 1961, Carne 1962, Smith 1978, Schmidt 2006]).

Associations

Foes – DIPTERA Tachinidae: Froggattimyia hirta Towns. [Carne 1969], Froggattimyia wentworthi Mall. [Carne 1969]. HYMENOPTERA Formicidae: Iridomyrmex nitidiceps André [Carne 1969]. Ichneumonidae: ?Hypopheltes sp. [Carne 1969], Mesochorus sp. [Carne 1969]. Trigonalidae: Taeniogonalos venatoria Riek [Riek 1962, Carne 1969, Weinstein 1991, Weinstein 1992]. HYPHOMYCETES Clavicipitaceae: Beauveria tenella (Del.) [Carne 1969], Meliphaga sp. [Carne 1969], Metarhizium anisopliae (Metch.) [Carne 1969]. INSECTA Coleoptera: Anoplognathus sp. [Carne 1969]. PASSERIFOMRES Pardalotidae: Pardalotus sp. [Carne 1969]. PASSERIFORMES Dicruridae: Rhipidura sp. [Carne 1969].

Hosts – MYRTALES Myrtaceae: Corymbia ficifolia (F.Muell.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson [Martyn et al. 1970, Elliott & Bashford 1995, Schmidt 2006, Schmidt et al. 2006], Eucalyptus amygdalina Labill. [Elliott & Bashford 1995, Schmidt 2006, Schmidt et al. 2006], Eucalyptus bicostata Maiden, Blakely & Simmonds [Carne 1965, Neumann & Collet 1997, Elliot et al. 1998, Schmidt 2006, Schmidt et al. 2006], Eucalyptus blakelyi Maiden [Carne 1962, Carne 1965, Carne 1969, Neumann & Collet 1997, Elliot et al. 1998, Schmidt 2006, Schmidt et al. 2006], Eucalyptus bridgesiana R.T.Baker [Carne 1965, Carne 1969, Neumann & Collet 1997, Schmidt 2006, Schmidt et al. 2006], Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. [Carne 1962, Carne 1965, Carne 1969, Neumann & Collet 1997, Elliot et al. 1998, Schmidt 2006, Schmidt et al. 2006], Eucalyptus elaeophora F.Muell. [Carne 1965, Schmidt 2006, Schmidt et al. 2006], Eucalyptus globulus Labill. [Elliott & Bashford 1995, Neumann & Collet 1997, Elliot et al. 1998, Schmidt 2006, Schmidt et al. 2006], Eucalyptus goniocalyx Miq. [Neumann & Collet 1997, Schmidt 2006, Schmidt et al. 2006], Eucalyptus grandis W.Hill [Elliott & Bashford 1995, Schmidt 2006, Schmidt et al. 2006], Eucalyptus haemastoma Sm. [Neumann & Collet 1997, Schmidt 2006, Schmidt et al. 2006], Eucalyptus lansdowneana F.Muell. & J.E.Br. [Elliott & Bashford 1995, Schmidt 2006, Schmidt et al. 2006], Eucalyptus leucoxylon F.Muell. [Elliott & Bashford 1995, Schmidt 2006, Schmidt et al. 2006], Eucalyptus m. mannifera Mudie [Carne 1962, Carne 1965, Neumann & Collet 1997, Elliot et al. 1998, Schmidt 2006, Schmidt et al. 2006], Eucalyptus melliodora A.Cunn. ex Schauer [Carne 1962, Carne 1965, Carne 1969, Neumann & Collet 1997, Elliot et al. 1998, Schmidt 2006, Schmidt et al. 2006], Eucalyptus nicholii Maiden & Blakely [Elliott & Bashford 1995, Schmidt 2006, Schmidt et al. 2006], Eucalyptus nitens Maiden [Elliott & Bashford 1995, Hand et al. 1995, Elliot et al. 1998, Schmidt 2006, Schmidt et al. 2006], Eucalyptus obliqua L’Her. [Elliott & Bashford 1995, Elliot et al. 1998, Schmidt 2006, Schmidt et al. 2006], Eucalyptus occidentalis Endl. [Neumann & Collet 1997, Schmidt 2006, Schmidt et al. 2006], Eucalyptus ovata Labill. [Elliott & Bashford 1995, Neumann & Collet 1997, Elliot et al. 1998, Schmidt 2006, Schmidt et al. 2006], Eucalyptus pauciflora Sieber ex Spreng. [Neumann & Collet 1997, Schmidt 2006, Schmidt et al. 2006], Eucalyptus polyanthemos Schauer [Carne 1965, Neumann & Collet 1997, Schmidt 2006, Schmidt et al. 2006], Eucalyptus rubida H.Deane & Maiden [Carne 1965, Carne 1969, Neumann & Collet 1997, Schmidt 2006, Schmidt et al. 2006], Eucalyptus sideroxylon A.Cunn. ex Woolls [Carne 1965, Neumann & Collet 1997, Schmidt 2006, Schmidt et al. 2006], Eucalyptus viminalis Labill. [Morrow et al. 1976, Elliott & Bashford 1995, Neumann & Collet 1997, Elliot et al. 1998, Schmidt 2006, Schmidt et al. 2006].

Perga agnata Morice

Perga agnata Morice, 1919: 268, 284. Type locality: Australia: Victoria. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: male, female. Illust.

Citations

Morice 1919 [illustration of lance/lancet, key: 268, 284, pl. xiv, fig. 3]; Forsius 1929a [distribution record: 84]; Benson 1939 [distribution (range), key: 337]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist, host plant: 138-139]; Schmidt 2006 [catalogue/checklist: 629].

Distribution

Australasian: Australia (Victoria [Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt 2006]).

Perga bradleyi Benson

Perga bradleyi Benson, 1939: 338, 339-340. Type locality: Australia: Blue Mountains, New South Wales. Holotype female, by monotypy. Type depository: MAMU. Described: female.

Citations

Benson 1939 [distribution record, key: 338, 339-340]; Quinlan 1974 [type information: 242]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 139]; Schmidt 2006 [catalogue/checklist: 629].

Distribution

Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt 2006]).

Perga brevipes Forsius

Perga brevipes Forsius, 1927: 285, 302-303. Type locality: Australia: Yeelanna and Kangaroo Island, South Australia. Syntype, female. Type depository: SAMA. Described: female.

Citations

Benson 1939 [distribution (range), key: 337]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 139]; Schmidt 2006 [catalogue/checklist: 629].

Distribution

Australasian: Australia (South Australia [Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt 2006]).

Perga brevitarsis Morice

Perga brevitarsis Morice, 1919: 268. Type locality: Australia: Swan River, Western Australia. Holotype female, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: female.

Citations

Morice 1919: [illustration of lance/lancet, key: 268, pl. xiv, fig. 8]; Forsius 1927 [distribution record: 285]; Benson 1939 [distribution (range), key: 337]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 139]; Schmidt 2006 [catalogue/checklist: 629].

Distribution

Australasian: Australia (South Australia [Forsius 1927, Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt 2006], Western Australia [Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt 2006]).

Perga brullei Westwood

Perga brullei Westwood, 1880: 364. Type locality: Australia. Syntype, male. Type depository: OXUM. Described: male. Illust.

Perga cressonii Westwood, 1880: 368. Type locality: Australia: Swan River, Western Australia. Syntype, female. Type depository: OXUM. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Konow, 1905a: 11.

Perga ritsemei Westwood, 1880: 365. Type locality: Australia: Adelaide, South Australia. Syntype, male. Type depository: OXUM. Described: male. Illust. Synonymy by Morice, 1919: 284.

Perga dubia Kirby, 1882: 27-28. Type locality: Australia: Swan River, Western Australia. Holotype male, by original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: male. Illust. Synonymy by Morice, 1919: 284.

Perga ritsemae Kirby, 1882: 27. Unjustified emendation.

Camptoperga cressoni: Shipp, 1894: 340. Change of combination.

Perga vacillans Morice, 1919: 272. Type locality: Australia: Swan River, Western Australia. Syntype, female. Type depository: BMNH. Described: female. Synonymy by Benson, 1939: 337.

Citations

Kirby 1882 [distribution record, illustration of male, new taxon: 26, 27-28, pl. ii, fig. 9]; Froggatt 1890c [catalogue/checklist: 692, 694]; Shipp 1893 [distribution record, type information: 265]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 349, 350, 351]; Shipp 1894 [distribution (range), nomenclature: 340]; Turner 1900 [distribution record: 517]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range), synonymy: 11, 12]; Morice 1919 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, key, new taxon, synonymy, taxonomy, type information: 272, 284, pl. xv, fig. 1]; Forsius 1927 [distribution record: 285]; Benson 1939 [description of adult, distribution (range), illustration of adult, key, synonymy: 325, 328, 337]; Benson 1958b [distribution record: 289]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist, synonymy: 139]; Schmidt 2006 [catalogue/checklist, synonymy: 629].

Distribution

Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Kirby 1882, Turner 1900, Schmidt 2006], South Australia [Westwood 1880, Morice 1919, Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt 2006], Victoria [Smith 1990, Schmidt 2006], Western Australia [Kirby 1882, Shipp 1894, Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt 2006]).

Perga christii Westwood

Perga christii Westwood, 1880: 366-367. Type locality: Australia: Swan River, Western Australia. Syntype, female. Type depository: OXUM. Described: female. Illust.

Citations

Kirby 1882 [distribution record: 25]; Froggatt 1890c [catalogue/checklist: 691]; Shipp 1893 [distribution record, type information: 265]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 349]; Morice 1919 [description, distribution (range), key, synonymy, taxonomy, type information: 265-266, 273]; Forsius 1927 [description of adult, distribution record: 285, 303]; Forsius 1929a [distribution record: 84]; Benson 1935 [diagnosis; distribution record: 227]; Benson 1939 [distribution (range), key: 337]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 139]; Schmidt 2006 [catalogue/checklist: 630].

Distribution

Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Benson 1935, Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt 2006], Victoria? [Forsius 1929a, Schmidt 2006], Western Australia [Kirby 1882, Morice 1919, Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt 2006]).

Perga dahlbomii Westwood

Perga dahlbomii Westwood, 1880: 371. Type locality: “Australasia”. Syntype, male. Type depository: OXUM. Described: male, female. Illust.

Pergadopsis dahlbomii: Shipp, 1894: 340. Change of combination.

Citations

Kirby 1882 [distribution (range): 28]; Froggatt 1890c [catalogue/checklist: 694]; Shipp 1893 [distribution record, type information: 266]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 349]; Shipp 1894 [distribution (range), nomenclature: 340]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 11]; Morice 1919 [description, key, taxonomy, type information: 266, 272-273, 284]; Benson 1939 [distribution record, illustration of adult, illustration of lance/lancet, key: 328, 336, 338]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist; host plant: 139]; Schmidt 2006 [catalogue/checklist, host plant: 630]; Schmidt et al. 2006 [host plant: 183].

Distribution

Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Smith 1978, Schmidt 2006], Queensland [Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt 2006], Western Australia? [Kirby 1882, Schmidt 2006]).

Associations

Hosts – MYRTALES Myrtaceae: Angophora floribunda (Sm.) Domin [Schmidt 2006, Schmidt et al. 2006], Eucalyptus lehmannii (Schauer) Benth. [Schmidt 2006, Schmidt et al. 2006].

Perga dorsalis Leach

Perga dorsalis Leach, 1817: 117. Type locality: “Australasia”. Holotype male, by original designation. Type depository: ANIC. Described: male. Illust.

Perga scutellata Westwood in Griffith, 1832: 402. Type locality: Australia. Syntype female. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Westwood, 1880: 362.

Perga eucalypti Bennett & Scott, 1859: 211-212. Type locality: Australia: New South Wales. Syntype female, larva. Described: female and larva. Illust. Synonymy by Westwood, 1880: 362.

Perga Scottii [sic!] Bennett, 1860: 268. Type locality: Australia: Wide Bay, Queensland. Syntype female, larva. Described: female and larva. Illust. Synonymy by Konow, 1905a: 11.

Perga intricans Morice, 1919: 267 (in part). Type locality: Australia: Adelaide, South Australia. Syntype female, by original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: female. Illust. Benson (1939: 334) treated P. intricans (in part) as a synonym of both P. dorsalis and P. affinis (see also under P. affinis).

Perga dorsalis castanea Riek, 1961: 238, 239. Type locality: Australia: Ballarat, Victoria. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: ANIC. Described: male, female. Homonym of Perga castanea Kirby, 1882; discovered by Smith, 1978: 239.

Perga dorsalis nitida Riek, 1961: 238, 239. Type locality: Australia: Little Desert, Victoria. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: MVME. Described: female.

Perga dorsalis rustica Smith, 1978: 140. Replacement name for Perga dorsalis castanea Riek, 1961.

Citations

Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau 1823 [diagnosis, distribution (range): 41]; Klug 1834 [distribution record: 282]; Blanchard 1840 [distribution (range): 229]; Guérin-Méneville 1844 [distribution (range); illustration of female, taxonomy: 399, pl. 64, figs 2a-c]; Brullé 1846 [illustration of adult, taxonomy: 671, pl. 48, fig. 1]; Bennet & Scott 1859 [description of immature stages, host plant; new taxon: 211-212]; Bennet 1860 [behaviour, behavioural defence, biology, description of adult, host plant: 267-268]; Westwood 1880 [description of female, description of male, distribution (range), illustration of female, key, synonymy: 361, 362-363, pl. xxxiii, fig. 1-3]; Kirby 1882 [description of female, description of male, distribution (range), type information, taxonomy: 18-19, 20, pl. 1, figs 12, 12a, 12b]; Froggatt 1890a [description of immature stages, distribution record, host plant, rearing, sex ratio, taxonomy: 284-285]; Froggatt 1890c [catalogue/checklist: 692]; Froggatt 1891 [distribution record: 307]; Shipp 1893 [distribution record, synonymy, type information: 263-264]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 349-350, 351]; Shipp 1894 [distribution (range), nomenclature: 339]; French 1901 [common name, description, description of immature stages, distribution (range), host plant, rearing: 6]; Froggatt 1901 [common name, description, development, distribution (range), host plant, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male: 6, plates]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range), synonymy: 11]; Froggatt 1907 [description of adult, illustration of female, illustration of immature stages: 72, pl. X]; Froggatt 1916 [behaviour, distribution record, host plant: 628]; Froggatt 1918 [behaviour, behavioural defence, development, distribution (range), host plant, life history, seasonal distribution, synonymy: 668-669]; Morice 1919 [distribution (range), illustration of female, illustration of immature stages, illustration of lance/lancet, key, synonymy, taxonomy, type information: 267, 282, pl. xii, fig. 12, pl. xiv, fig. 1, pl. xv, figs 14, 17]; Leach 1922 [behaviour, host plant, illustration of female, illustration of immature stages, impact/damage: 240-241]; Tillyard 1926 [illustration of female, illustration of immature stages, oviposition: 252, 260, 265, pl. 20]; Forsius 1927 [distribution record, taxonomy: 285, 301]; Forsius 1929a [distribution record: 84]; Ross 1929 [behaviour, communication, description of immature stages, sociality: 21]; Raff 1930 [distribution record, parasitism, rearing, sex ratio: 215-217]; Evans 1934 [behaviour, behavioural defence, communication, description of immature stages, development, feeding, host plant, illustration of immature stages, life history, laboratory studies, sociality: 455-460]; Raff 1935(1934) [development, distribution record, illustration of immature stages, parasitism, parasitism rates, rearing, sex ratio: 57, 59-60, 61-63]; Benson 1939 [description of adult, distribution (range), illustration of adult, illustration of sawsheath, key, synonymy: 325, 328, 334, 335]; Leask 1944b [distribution record, rearing, sex ratio: 150-151]; Leask 1944e [behaviour, rearing: 191-192]; McKeown 1944 [behaviour, description of adult, description of immature stages, development, illustration of immature stages, natural enemies: 167, 169]; Leask 1946 [host plant: 1-2]; Cohn 1949 [behaviour, sociality: 131]; Maxwell 1955 [distribution record, host plant, illustration of immature stages, internal anatomy (larva): 25-26, 27, 28]; Riek 1961 [distribution (range), key, new taxon, type information: 237-239]; Chadwick 1964 [diapause, distribution record, rearing: 63]; Moore 1972 [host plant: 33]; Seymour 1974 [behaviour, illustration of immature stages, laboratory studies, physiology: 2447-2456]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist, host plant: 139-140]; Smith 1980b [distribution record: 330]; Clyne 1986 [behaviour, common name, communication, sociality: 495]; Jolivet et al. 1990 [behaviour, behavioural defence, illustration of immature stages: 134-135]; Jones & Elliot 1990 [behaviour, control, description of adult, host plant, illustration of immature stages, impact/damage: 163, 178]; Weinstein 1990 [antifeedants, behaviour, chemical defence, ecology, host feeding: 231-233]; Schedl 1991 [behaviour, host plant, illustration of immature stages, oviposition: 36, 38, 50]; Weinstein 1991 [behaviour, defence, illustration of immature stages: 850, 853]; Weinstein 1992 [natural enemies, population dynamics]; Naumann et al. 1994 [type information: 71]; Weinstein & Austin 1995 [host plant, parasitism: 541-554]; Farrow 1996b [control, control by chemical pesticides, description of immature stages, distribution (range), economic importance, host plant, illustration of female, illustration of immature stages, impact/damage, life history, natural enemies, parasitism: 1-4]; Vilhelmsen 1996 [internal anatomy, musculature, structure]; Weinstein & Maelzer 1997 [behaviour, ecology, host plant, laboratory studies: 450-455]; Elliot et al. 1998 [distribution (range), life history, seasonal distribution: 85]; Vilhelmsen 1998 [internal anatomy, structure]; Weinstein 1989 [behaviour, behavioural defence, biology, illustration of immature stages, parasitism: 53-60]; Vilhelmsen 2000a [internal anatomy, musculature, structure]; Vilhelmsen 2000b [internal anatomy, phylogeny, structure]; Vilhelmsen 2000c [musculature, structure]; Schmidt 2006 [catalogue/checklist, host plant, synonymy: 630]; Schmidt et al. 2006 [host plant: 183].

Distribution

Australasian: Australia (Capital Territory [Riek 1961, Carne 1962, Schmidt 2006], New South Wales [Kirby 1882, Benson 1939, Riek 1961, Schmidt 2006], Queensland [Kirby 1882, Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Smith 1980b, Schmidt 2006], South Australia? [Smith 1978, Schmidt 2006], Victoria [Riek 1961, Smith 1978, Schmidt 2006]).

Associations

Foes – DIPTERA Tachinidae: Froggattimyia sp. [Weinstein 1989, Weinstein & Austin 1995]. HYMENOPTERA IchneumonidaeWestwoodia sp. [Weinstein 1989, Weinstein & Austin 1995]. Trigonalidae: Taeniogonalos maculata Smith [Raff 1935(1934)]. Taeniogonalos venatoria Riek [Weinstein 1989, Weinstein & Austin 1995]. PASSERIFORMES Corcoracidae: Corcorax melanorhamphos (Vieillot) [McKeown 1944]. Meliphagidae: Lichenostomus penicillatus (Gould) [McKeown 1944].

Hosts – MYRTALES Myrtaceae: Callistemon sp. [Bennet 1860, Schmidt 2006, Schmidt et al. 2006], Corymbia citriodora (Hook.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson [Bennet& Scott 1859, Bennet 1860, Leask 1946, Schmidt 2006, Schmidt et al. 2006], Corymbia gummifera (Gaertn.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson [Froggatt 1901, Leask 1946, Schmidt 2006, Schmidt et al. 2006], Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. [Leask 1946, Weinstein 1990, Weinstein & Austin 1995, Schmidt 2006, Schmidt et al. 2006], Eucalyptus globulus Labill. [Froggatt 1901, Schmidt 2006, Schmidt et al. 2006], Eucalyptus grandis W.Hill [Moore 1972, Schmidt 2006, Schmidt et al. 2006], Eucalyptus haemastoma Sm. [Schmidt 2006, Schmidt et al. 2006], Eucalyptus leucoxylon F.Muell. [Weinstein & Austin 1995, Schmidt 2006, Schmidt et al. 2006], Eucalyptus nova-anglica H.Deane & Maiden [Froggatt 1916, Froggatt 1918, Leask 1946, Schmidt 2006 Schmidt et al. 2006] (host plant in Froggatt (1916) only given as “peppermint”, but later Froggatt (1918) mentions Eucalyptus nova-anglica as peppermint-gums occurring in the area were the larvae were found), Eucalyptus obliqua L’Her. [Evans 1934, Schmidt 2006, Schmidt et al. 2006], Eucalyptus obtusiflora DC. [Froggatt 1890a, Leask 1946, Schmidt 2006, Schmidt et al. 2006], Eucalyptus ovata Labill. [Jones & Elliot 1990, Schmidt et al. 2006], Eucalyptus torquata Luehm. [Weinstein & Maelzer 1997, Schmidt 2006, Schmidt et al. 2006], Eucalyptus umbra R.T.Baker [Schmidt2005, Schmidt et al. 2006].

Perga kirbii Leach

Perga Kirbii [sic!] Leach, 1817: 117-118. Type locality: “Australasia”. Holotype male, by original designation. Type depository: OXUM. Described: male. Illust.

Perga Kyrbii: Blanchard, 1840: 229. Misspelling of species name.

Citations

Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau 1823 [diagnosis, distribution (range): 41]; Blanchard 1840 [distribution (range): 229]; Westwood 1880 [description, key, type information: 361, 371]; Kirby 1882 [description of female, distribution record, illustration of female, taxonomy, type information: 21, pl. ii, fig. 2]; Froggatt 1890c [catalogue/checklist: 692]; Shipp 1893 [distribution record, type information: 264]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 350]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 11]; Morice 1919 [distribution (range), key, type information: 268, 284, pl. xiv, fig. 5]; Forsius 1927 [distribution record: 285]; Forsius 1929a [distribution record: 84]; Benson 1939 [distribution (range), illustration of adult, key: 328, 337]; Simpson 1976 [behaviour, communication, description of immature stages, illustration of female, illustration of immature stages: 64-67]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 140]; Jones & Elliot 1990 [behaviour, description of adult, host plant, impact/damage: 176]; Elliot et al. 1998 [distribution (range), host plant, impact/damage: 86]; Schmidt 2006 [catalogue/checklist, host plant, synonymy: 630]; Schmidt et al. 2006 [host plant: 183].

Distribution

Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Elliot et al. 1998, Schmidt 2006], South Australia [Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Elliot et al. 1998, Schmidt 2006], Victoria [Morice 1919, Forsius 1929a, Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt 2006], Western Australia? [Kirby 1882, Schmidt 2006]).

Associations

Hosts – MYRTALES Myrtaceae: Corymbia maculata (Hook.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson [Elliot et al. 1998, Schmidt 2006, Schmidt et al. 2006], Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. [Elliot et al. 1998, Schmidt 2006, Schmidt et al. 2006], Eucalyptus grandis W.Hill [Jones & Elliot 1990, Schmidt 2006, Schmidt et al. 2006].

Biology

Tapping behaviour of larvae was described by Simpson (1976).

Perga klugii Westwood

Perga klugii Westwood, 1880: 363. Type locality: Australia: Albany, Western Australia. Syntype, male, female. Type depository: OXUM. Described: male, female. Illust.

Citations

Kirby 1882 [distribution record: 22]; Froggatt 1890c [distribution (range), catalogue/checklist: 693]; Shipp 1893 [distribution record, type information: 264]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 350]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 11]; Morice 1919 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, key, type information: 268, pl. xiv, fig. 4]; Benson 1939 [distribution (range), key: 336]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 140]; Schmidt 2006 [catalogue/checklist, host plant: 630]; Schmidt et al. 2006 [host plant: 183].

Distribution

Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Kirby 1882, Morice 1919, Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt 2006]).

Associations

Host – MYRTALES Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus globulus Labill. [Schmidt 2006, Schmidt et al. 2006].

Perga kohli Konow

Perga kohli Konow, 1905d: 166-167. Type locality: Australia: Port Denison, Queensland. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: NHMW. Described: male, female.

Perga thomsoni Benson, 1935: 226-227. Type locality: Australia: Tooloom, New South Wales. Holotype female, by monotypy. Type depository: QMBA. Described: female. Synonymy by Benson, 1939: 338.

Citations

Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 11]; Benson 1935 [diagnosis, distribution record, new taxon: 226-227]; Benson 1939 [description of female, distribution (range), key, synonymy: 338]; Benson 1958b [distribution record: 289]; Quinlan 1974 [type information: 243]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 140]; Schmidt 2006 [catalogue/checklist, synonymy: 630].

Distribution

Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Benson 1935, Schmidt 2006], Queensland [Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt 2006], Victoria [Benson 1938b, Smith 1978, Schmidt 2006]).

Perga konowi Benson

Perga konowi Benson, 1939: 336, 338-339. Type locality: Australia: Euston, New South Wales. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: male, female. Illust.

Citations

Benson 1939 [distribution (range), habitat, illustration of adult, illustration of sawsheath, key: 335, 336, 338-339]; Quinlan 1974 [type information: 242-243]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist, host plant: 141]; Schmidt 2006 [catalogue/checklist, host plant: 630]; Schmidt et al. 2006 [host plant: 183].

Distribution

Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Smith 1978, Schmidt 2006], Western Australia [Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt 2006]).

Associations

Host – MYRTALES Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus transcontinentalis Maiden [Benson 1939, Schmidt 2006, Schmidt et al. 2006].

Perga leaski Benson

Perga leaski Benson, 1958b: 288-289. Type locality: Australia: Clunes, Victoria. Holotype female, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: male, female. Illust. Bred from larva, but host plant not given.

Citations

Benson 1958b [illustration of adult: 288-289]; Quinlan 1974 [type information: 243]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 141]; Schmidt 2006 [catalogue/checklist: 630].

Distribution

Australasian: Australia (Victoria [Smith 1978, Schmidt 2006]).

Perga mayrii Westwood

Perga mayrii Westwood, 1880: 378. Type locality: Australia: Swan River, Western Australia. Syntype, female. Type depository: OXUM. Described: female. Illust.

Perga bisecta Kirby, 1882: 23. Type locality: Australia: NW coast of Australia. Holotype female, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Morice, 1919: 271.

Plagioperga mayrii: Shipp, 1894: 340. Change of combination.

Citations

Kirby 1882 [distribution (range), illustration of female, new taxon: 23, 29, pl. 22, fig. 4]; Froggatt 1890c [catalogue/checklist: 691, 695]; Shipp 1893 [distribution record, type information: 266]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 349, 351]; Shipp 1894 [distribution (range), nomenclature: 340]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 11, 12]; Morice 1919 [distribution (range), illustration of female, key, synonymy, type information: 270-271, pl. xv, fig. 18]; Forsius 1927 [description of adult, distribution record: 285, 303]; Benson 1939 [distribution (range), key, synonymy: 338]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 141], Schmidt 2006 [catalogue/checklist: 630].

Distribution

Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Kirby 1882, Shipp 1894, Morice 1919, Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt 2006]).

Perga schiodtei Westwood

Perga schiodtei Westwood, 1880: 364. Type locality: Australia: Adelaide, South Australia. Syntype, male, female. Type depository: OXUM. Described: male, female. Illust.

Perga schiodtei: Forsius, 1927: 302-302. Subsequent description.

Citations

Kirby 1882 [distribution record: 20]; Froggatt 1890c [catalogue/checklist: 693]; Shipp 1893 [distribution record, type information: 264]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 351]; Shipp 1894 [distribution (range), nomenclature: 340]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 12]; Morice 1919 [distribution (range), key, taxonomy, type information: 267-268, 284, pl. xiv, fig. 6]; Forsius 1927 [description of female, distribution record: 285, 301-302]; Benson 1939 [distribution (range), key: 336]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 141]; Schmidt 2006 [catalogue/checklist, host plant: 630]; Schmidt et al. 2006 [host plant: 183].

Distribution

Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Kirby 1882, Schmidt 2006], South Australia [Kirby 1882, Shipp 1893, Smith 1978, Schmidt 2006], Western Australia [Kirby 1882, Morice 1919, Forsius 1927, Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt 2006]).

Associations

Hosts – MYRTALES Myrtaceae: Corymbia calophylla (Lindl.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson [Schmidt 2006, Schmidt et al. 2006], Eucalyptus globulus Labill. [Schmidt 2006, Schmidt et al. 2006].

Perga tristis Forsius

Perga tristis Forsius, 1935: 14-15. Type locality: Australia: Mount Victoria, New South Wales. Holotype female, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: MHNG. Described: female.

Citations

Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 141]; Schmidt 2006 [catalogue/checklist: 630].

Distribution

Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Smith 1978, Schmidt 2006]).

Perga vollenhovii Westwood

Perga vollenhovii Westwood, 1880: 365. Type locality: “Australasia”. Syntype, male. Type depository: OXUM. Described: male. Illust.

Perga walkerii Westwood, 1880: 368-369. Type locality: Australia: Sydney, New South Wales. Syntype, female. Type depository: OXUM. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Benson, 1939: 338.

Citations

Westwood 1880 [illustration of female, illustration of male: 365, 368-369, pl. xxxiii, fig. 14, pl. xxxiv, fig. 5, pl. xxxvi, fig. 5]; Kirby 1882 [distribution (range): 26, 27]; Froggatt 1890c [catalogue/checklist: 693, 694]; Shipp 1893 [distribution record, type information: 265]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 351]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 12]; Morice 1919 [description, illustration of lance/lancet, type information: 265, 284, pl. xiv, fig. 12]; Benson 1935 [diagnosis, distribution record: 227]; Benson 1939 [description of adult, distribution (range), key, synonymy: 338]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 141]; Purcell & Goolsby 2005 [behaviour, biological control, distribution (range), host plant, laboratory studies, life history, parasitism]; Schmidt 2006 [catalogue/checklist, host plant, synonymy: 630]; Schmidt et al. 2006 [host plant: 183].

Distribution

Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Kirby 1882, Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt 2006], Queensland [Benson 1935, Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt 2006].

Associations

Host – MYRTALES Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus crebra F.Muell. [Schmidt 2006, Schmidt et al. 2006].

Perga waitei Forsius

Perga waitei Forsius, 1927: 285, 303-305. Type locality: Australia: Murray River, South Australia. Holotype female, by monotypy. Type depository: SAMA. Described: female.

Citations

Benson 1939 [distribution (range), key: 337]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 141]; Schmidt 2006 [catalogue/checklist: 630].

Distribution

Australasian: Australia (South Australia [Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt 2006]).

Perga sp.

Citations

Leask 1946 [behaviour, description of immature stages: 1-2].

Associations

Host – MYRTALES Myrtaceae: Syncarpia procera (Salisb.) Domin (Leask did not identify the species but gave a description of the larvae: they are “of typical Perga structure”, smaller than Perga dorsalis, feed gregariously, regurgitate a liquid when disturbed, and enter the ground simultaneously for pupation.)

Perga sp.

Citations

Leask 1944c [natural enemies, parasitism, rearing: 1-2].

Associations

Foe – HOMOPTERA Pentatomidae: Cuspicoma sp. [Leask 1944c]

Perga sp.

Citations

Cleland 1918 [natural enemies: 70]; Tryon & Illidge 1910 [distribution record, host plant: 145].

Associations

Foe – AVES Pachycephalidae: Pachycephala pectoralis (Latham) [Cleland 1918]. Host – MYRTALES Myrtaceae: Melaleuca sp. [Tryon & Illidge 1910].

Perga sp.

Citations

Riek 1970b [illustration of immature stages: 926].

Perga sp.

Citations

Vilhelmsen 2001 [structure].

Perga sp.

Citations

Schulmeister 2003b [structure].

Perga sp.

Citations

Schulmeister 2003a [structure].

Perga sp.

P.[erga] sp. nov. ?: Forsius, 1927: 285.

Citations

Forsius 1927 [distribution record: 285].

Distribution

Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Forsius 1927]).

Perga sp.

Citations

Chadwick & Nikitin 1985 [distribution record, natural enemies: 589, 597].

Distribution

Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Chadwick & Nikitin 1985]).

Associations

Foe – DIPTERA Tachinidae: ?Austrophyrno sp. [Chadwick & Nikitin 1985].